DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH By-Prof. Dipak Burhade

Direct Speech is the report of the speaker using his own words exactly.Direct Speech is the repetition of the person’s words directly.Direct Speech i

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct-Indirect Speech  is one of the frequently studied topics in English Grammar. In our daily life we come across many occasions or incidents in which we need to describe whatever happened. Mostly it includes what someone said, what someone told or what someone asked. We speak naturally and spontaneously to describe all those situations. Obviously, such kinds of situations automatically form two categories of our speech- A) DIRECT SPEECH   B) INDIRECT SPEECH

Reading Skill , Writing Skill , Speaking Skill and Listening Skill  are known as four basic Skills in English. The study of Direct-Indirect Speech automatically helps to improve these basic skills. It develops our narration skill tremendously. Good communicators possess this skill. Proper Communication Skill  is known as a very important Soft Skill  in our academic career.

Direct-Indirect Speech  improves our Writing Skill. Report Writing , Email Writing, etc. have become necessary writing activities today. We can handle them skillfully using our writing techniques.    

Let’s study Direct-Indirect Speech with Prof. Dipak Burhade, with the help of his Website. 

Click the link below to visit the Website

www.globalenglishcreativity.com 

In our daily life we come across many occasions or incidents in which we need to describe whatever happened. Mostly it includes what someone said, what someone told or what someone asked. We speak naturally and spontaneously to describe all those situations.

Obviously, such kinds of situations automatically form two categories of

 our speech-

WHAT IS DIRECT SPEECH?

•  – Direct Speech is the report of the speaker using his own words exactly.
•  – Direct Speech is the repetition of the person’s words directly.
•  – Direct Speech is the group of unchanged words presented as they are, with quotation marks.

E.g. George said, “I am very much interested to study English Grammar now.”   

WHAT IS INDIRECT SPEECH?

•  – Indirect Speech is the report of what another person said, told or asked.
• – Indirect Speech is the content which is expressed in our own words, without quotation marks.
•  – Indirect Speech is the conveyance of the statement without changing its meaning.

e.g. George said that he was very much interested to study English Grammar then.

DIFFERENT CHANGES OCCUR IN INDIRECT SPEECH

 A. CHANGES IN PRONOUNS

CHANGES IN PRONOUNS
I	He/she
you	he/she/they/him/her
we	they
my	his/her
me	him/her
our	their
your	his/her/their
us	them
myself	himself/herself
ourselves	themselves

 B. CHANGES IN VERBS

CHANGES IN VERBS
am/is	was
are	was/were
have/has	had
was/were	had been
do/does	did/past form of main verb
did	had+Past participle

C. CHANGES IN MODAL AUXILIARIES

CHANGES IN MODAL AUXILIARIES
shall	would/should
will	would
can	could
may	might
must	must/had to
ought to	ought to/had to

D. CHANGES IN TIME AND PLACE ADVERBIALS

CHANGES IN TIME AND PLACE ADVERBIALS
this	that
these	those
it	it
here	there
thus	so
now	then
just	then
ago	before
hither	thither
come	go
hrnce	thence
yet	till then
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day
the day adfte tomorrow	the day after the next day
yesterday	the day before
the day before yesterday	the day before the previous day
tonight	that night
next day	the following day
next week	the following week
last night	the night before

E. CHANGES IN TENSES

CHANGES IN TENSES
Simple Present Tense	Simple Past Tense
Continuous Present Tense	Continuous Past Tens
Perfect Present Tense	Present Past Tense
Perfect Continuous Present Tense	Perfect Continuous Past Tense
Simple past tens	Perfect Past Tense
Continuous Past Tense	Perfect Continuous Past Tense
Perfect Past Tense	NO CHANGE
Perfect Continuous Past Tense	NO CHANGE

F. IMPORTANT RULE

If the Reporting verb in Direct Speech is in Present Tense or Future Tense, the Tense Of the verb doesn't change in indirect speech. Only the Pronouns change. Time and place Adverbials too remain the same.

• Direct- Smith says, “David is an intelligent boy in the class."
• Indirect-Smith says that David is an intelligent boy in the class.
• Direct- Marsh will say, “My friend has no right to meet me."
• Indirect-Marsh will say that his friend has no right to meet him."
• Direct- Amelia say, “We are watching the movie now."
• Indirect- Amelia say that they are watching the movie now."

DIFFERENT USES OF DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

A. IN DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

Declarative Sentence is the kind of sentence which makes an informative statement. It declares something directly.

General Rules–

i. remove comma and use conjunction ‘that’
ii. remove quotation marks
iii. change pronouns, verbs and adverbs properly
iv. change tenses properly

Examples–

• Direct– Beatrice said, “I want to go to California tomorrow.”
• Indirect– Beatrice said that she wanted to go to California the next day.
• Direct– The teacher said, “I have been teaching English since 1996.”
• Indirect– The teacher said that he had been teaching English since 1996.
• Direct– Adam said to Calvin, “We are going to visit India next week.”
• Indirect– Adam told Calvin that they were going to visit India next week.
• Direct– Craig said, “I have given some books to my brother now.”
• Indirect– Craig said that he had given some books to his brother then.
• Direct– Father said to Samantha, “You need to take your medicines tonight.”
• Indirect– Father told Samantha that she needed to take her medicines that night.
• Direct– She says, “We are going to watch the football match.”
• Indirect– She says that they are going to watch the football match.
• Direct– Ralph will say, “Our plan is to solve these problems now.”
• Indirect– Ralph will say that their plan is to solve these problems now.
• Direct– She said, “I am ready to show my talent today.” 
• Indirect– She said that she was ready to show her talent that day.
• Direct– Amy said, “My father helped me to solve these examples.”
• Indirect– Amy said that her father had helped her to solve those examples.
• Direct– Thomas said to his son, “You can come with me to meet your teacher.”
• Indirect– Thomas told his son that he could come with him to meet his teacher.

B. IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

• Interrogative Sentence is the kind of sentence which asks a direct question. It enables us to answer and gather information. There are two types of Interrogative Sentences.
• a. ‘Yes/No’ type question- begins with helping verb
• b. ‘Wh’ question- begins with ‘Wh’ word

General Rules–

• i. remove comma and use conjunction ‘if/whether’ in ‘Yes/No’ type
• ii. remove comma and use same ‘Wh’ word as conjunction in ‘Wh’ type
• iii. remove quotation marks and question mark
• iv. use reported verb ‘asked’.
• v. Make changes giving S+V+O sequence
• vi. change pronouns, verbs and adverbs properly
• vii. change tenses properly

Examples–

• Direct– John said Ralph, “Are you going to buy a new shirt today?”
• Indirect– John asked Ralph if he was going to buy a new shirt that day.
• Direct– The teacher said to students, “Have you completed your homework?” 
• Indirect– The teacher asked students if they had completed their homework.
• Direct– Bella said, “Smith, do you really want to leave this college?”
• Indirect– Bella asked Smith whether he really wanted to leave that college.
• Direct– The Professor said, “Is there any question to ask now?”
• Indirect-The Professor asked if there was any question to ask then.
• Direct– Rehan said to Ahmed, “Did you go to meet your uncle yesterday?”
• Indirect– Rehan asked Ahmed if he had gone to meet his uncle the day before.
• Direct- I said to my mother, “What were you writing in the notebook?”
• Indirect- I asked my mother what she had been writing in the notebook.
• Direct– George said to me, “Where have you gone the day before yesterday?”
• Indirect– George asked me where I had gone the day before the previous day.
• Direct– Father said, “Where does your English teacher live in this area?”
• Indirect– Father asked where his English teacher lived in that area.
• Direct– Mrunal said to Riya, “How long are you staying here in Mumbai?”
• Indirect– Mrunal asked Riya how long she was staying there in Mumbai.
• Direct– The coach said to players, “Why are you late today?”
• Indirect– The coach asked players why they were late that day.

 

C. IN IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

Imperative Sentence is the kind of sentence which issues a request, command, advice or suggestion. They tell us what to do, using different tones.

General Rules–

• i. remove ‘said’ or ‘said to’, use appropriate reported verb
• (e.g. requested, ordered, suggested, advised, warned etc.)
• ii. Remove comma and use conjunction ‘to’ or ‘not to’
• iii. Remove quotation marks and question mark
• iv. Change pronouns, verbs and adverbs properly
• v.  Remove ‘Please’, use reported verb ‘requested’
• vi. If sentence begins with ‘Let’s’, three changes occur-

…….. A. remove ‘Let’s’, use reported verb ‘suggested’,
………b. use conjunction ‘that’
………c. begin the sentence with ‘they should….’
…………..(because ‘Let’s’ means ‘we shall’)

Examples–

• Direct– Alice said to Callie, “Give me the ink-pen for today.”
• Indirect– Alice requested Callie to give her the ink-pen that day.
• Direct– The old passenger said, “Please offer me your sit for some time.” 
• Indirect– The old passenger requested to offer him his sit for some time.
• Direct– Javed said, “Let’s play basketball on the ground.”
• Indirect– Javed suggested that they should play basketball on the ground.
• Direct– The doctor said, “Quit smoking from today.”
• Indirect–The doctor advised to quit smoking from that day.
• Direct–The teacher said to me, “Do not make a noise.”
• Indirect– The teacher warned me not to make a noise.
• Direct– The commander said, “Fire at the enemy.”
• Indirect– The commander commanded to fire at the enemy.
• Direct– Father said to son, “Use mask at public places.”
• Indirect– Father advised son to use mask at public places.
• Direct– The teacher said to students, “Write your papers with blue ink-pen.”
• Indirect– The teacher suggested students to write their papers with blue ink-pen.
• Direct– The officer said, “Clean my office in half an hour.”
• Indirect– The officer ordered to clean his office in half an hour.
• Direct– Lilian said, “Remember to send an email at 6 o’clock.” 
• Indirect– Lilian reminded to send an email at 6 o’clock.

 

D. IN EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

Exclamatory Sentence is the kind of sentence which contains a strong emphasis, emotion, feeling or excitement.

General Rules–

• i. remove ‘said’ or ‘said to’, use reported verb ‘exclaimed’
• ii. remove comma and use conjunction ‘that’
• iii. convert exclamatory into assertive, wherever necessary 
• iv. change pronouns, verbs and adverbs properly
• v. change tenses properly

Examples–

• Direct– Harper said, “What a beautiful sight it is!”
• Indirect– Harper exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight.
• Direct– Jennifer said, “How difficult the paper is!”
• Indirect– Jennifer exclaimed that the paper was very difficult.
• Direct– All players said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
• Indirect– All players exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
• Direct– He said, “Alas! his father is no more.”
• Indirect– He exclaimed with sorrow that his father was no more.
• Direct– She said, “How foolish my brother has been!”
• Indirect– She exclaimed that her brother had been very foolish.
• Direct– Garry said, “Ah! My kite is high up in the sky”.
• Indirect– Garry exclaimed with great joy that his kite was high up in the sky.
• Direct– He said, “What a hard work my father has been doing!”
• Indirect– He exclaimed that his father had been doing a very hard work.
• Direct– Aditya said, “My God! You have injured your head.”
• Indirect– Aditya exclaimed shockingly that he/she had injured his/her head.
• Direct– Doctor said, “Sorry! I can’t save your father.”
• Indirect– Doctor exclaimed with regret that he couldn’t save his father. 
• Direct– Smith said, “Elena, how clever you are!”
• Indirect– Smith exclaimed that Elena was very clever.

 

Prof. Dipak Burhade

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